Links to supplemental material for
Astronomy 107
DISCLAIMER: It is difficult to keep track of all the links which break when websites move
or are deleted. From time to time this list will be pruned. However, until the next
pruning (which will only be done during semester breaks),
please be patient with any broken links. New material will eventually be posted
which is better! Gerard Williger
Chap 1: Overview
Why astronomy remains relevant today
,
Paul Sutter, SUNY-Stony Brook, Flatiron Institute, space.com, 29 Dec 2020
A Private Universe (20' video): misconceptions in science/astronomy and how they persist in the classroom ,
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 1987, ISBN 1-57680-404-6, Annenberg Learner
Radio Wave Errors: Students Mistaking Radio Transverse Electromagnetic Light Waves as Longitudinal Sound Waves
,
Tabor-Morris, Briles & Schiele, 2017, Intl J of Learning, Teaching and Educational Res., vol 16, No 8
Misconceptions as Barriers to Understanding Science
,
National Academies Press, c. 2021, linked 16 Dec 2021, suggested by L. Fugate
Designing Technology-Enhanced Science Inquiry Instruction to Scaffold Student Choice through Explanation and Reflection
,
Jennifer King Chen, 2016, PhD Thesis, UC-Berkeley (114 pages, PDF file), suggested by L. Fugate, 16 Dec 2021
(contains a few pages of reflection on "A Private Universe")
The
Seven Sins of Statistical Misinterpretation , Cassandra
Chapman and Winnifred Louis, realclearscience.com, 29 Mar 2017
Weber's Law: People Think and Feel Logarithmically
,
Steven Pomeroy, realclearscience.com, with mathematician Hannah Fry, 26 May 2018
People Who Fall for Pseudoscience Use Less Evidence to Reach Conclusions
,
Ross Pomeroy, realclearscience.com, 3 Jan 2022
Our Place in the Universe: a REAL Scale Model of the Solar System (8' video, in the Nevada desert)
,
The Atlantic, 30 Nov 2015
India's mysterious gateway to the stars: Created 300 years ago, Jaipur's Jantar Mantar is an outdoor complex filled with gargantuan astronomy tools designed to be used by the naked eye -- and they're still accurate.
,
Shalbha Sarda, BBC, 31 May 2022
Satellite
Streak Watcher - help NASA track Starlink etc. satellites to
monitor telescope interference , Dr. Sten Odenwald, NASA
Goddard Space Flight Center, www.anecdata.org/projects/view/687
Heavens Above , find out
when the Int'l Space Station, Hubble Space Telescope, Starlink
satellites etc. pass by you
Astronomy Minute Podcast Series: quick explanations of many topics!
,
Ata Sarajedini, Florida Atlantic U, linked 9 July 2020
The Alien-Haunted World: science vs science denialism
,
Caleb Scharf, Columbia U, 15 Feb 2021
Why
astronomy is considered the oldest science , Eric Betz,
Astronomy Magazine, 6 Oct 2020
American Astronomical Society YouTube Channel, contains recent press conferences/discoveries
,
AAS, linked 3 June 2021
These are science's Top 10 erroneous results - we forget science's errors in the march toward the truth
,
Tom Siegfried, Science News, 10 Nov 2020
Are You Cherry Picking Data? Stop Trying to Prove You're Right! (evidence matters)
,
Our Pets Health (a reputable channel), 11 Sep 2018 (6' video)
Neil Tyson scolds cherry picking climate science
,
CNN, 17 Sep 2017 (5' video)
Why I teach my students about scientific failure
,
Jennifer Lanni, Science Magazine, 23 Dec 2021
Why getting things wrong is good for science
,
When new facts emerge does it mean science can't be trusted? Quite the opposite. Here's why questioning established understanding is good.
BBC and The Royal Society, 24 June 2021, 5' video
CNN's version of Top 10 Days in History of Astronomy
,
CNN, 20 Feb 2008
Great
Astronomy/Space
photos with Music: a prelude to things you'll see in this course,
greatdanepro.com, 2005
Too Much of a Good Thing at NASA:
The agency’s culture of optimism is essential for launching people and robots into space. But it can lead to problems with budgets and deadlines.
Marina Koren, 1 Aug 2018, Atlantic Magazine
Who Would Kidnap a Space Telescope? 'We hope pirates will not take it'
Marina Koren, 12 Mar 2021, Atlantic Magazine
Armstrong Museum in OH Aims to End Lunar Landing Conspiracy Theories
9 Apr 2007, space.com
REAL
dates
for when Sun is in constellations of the Zodiac
Comparison of
astronomy and astrology (both kinds, Western and Vedic (Indian),
with discussion of precession etc.
Grab-bag of astronomy videos (VERY USEFUL!) from Rick Pogge's
Astro 161 Course from Ohio State
Grab-bag of astronomy videos (VERY USEFUL!) from Rick Pogge's
Astro 162 Course from Ohio State
Excellent
Scale
Model+graphic
of Solar System sizes, distances (1 AU=3m, Earth = 0.25mm grain of
salt, =1mm BB)
Why
astrology is not science (from badastronomy.com)
Large
Numbers
of People (unfortunately) Believe in Pseudoscience 27 Oct 2006
Simulator:
Rotating
Sky Explorer to understand the celestial sphere
Musical Parodies
and Limericks from the Big Bang Band
Why
Astronomy? Interview with new Vatican Observatory director ,
Science Magazine, Sep 2009
Buying Stars and Star Names , International Astronomical
Union
Chap 2: Nature of Light
What is an Electromagnetic Wave?
,
Edouard Reny, 3.7' video, 6 Sep 2020
Light waves, visible and invisible, TED-Ed
,
Lucianne Walkowicz, Adler Planetarium, Chicago, 19 Sep 2013, 6' video
Understanding Electromagnetic Radiation! | ICT #5
,
Learn Engineering, 22 Sep 2019, 7.5' video (a bit more in depth)
The Spectral Spectrum | How do Photons & Electromagnetic Waves Work?
,
Everyday Engineer, 29 Feb 2020, 13' video, very good and detailed, excellent background on much of Chap. 2
Light: Crash Course Astronomy #24: wave nature, electromagnetic fields, blackbody radiation, Bohr atom, Doppler shifts, spectra
,
Phil Plait (Dr W's officemate at NASA/Goddard), 9 Jul 2015, 11' video, excellent background on much of Chap. 2
The Electromagnetic Spectrum with wavelengths
,
Eric Blackman, U. Rochester (posted 2020 May)
Chap 3: Light and Telescopes
Telescopes
from the Ground Up (great review material)
Was
the Telescope invented in Spain?, BBC, 16 Sep 2008
Fr.
Niccolo
Zucchi, SJ (1586-1670), inventor of the first reflecting telescope,
Encyclopedia Britannica online
James
Gregory
(1638-1675), inventor of the first practical (Gregorian)
reflecting telescope, Encyclopedia Britannica online
The
Telescope that Ate Astronomy: JWST promises much, but cost
over-runs are astronomical, Nature, 27 Oct 2010
Astro-Tourism:
a
Great View for Big Donors
Journey to Palomar:
website for a documentary describing three revolutionary
telescopes of the 19th-20th-21st centuries
Hubble
Space
Telescope Repair for Spherical Aberration, spacetelescope.org
The Very Large Array: Astronomical shapeshifter
,
National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 22 Jan 2021 - GREAT BACKGROUND, compares Configurations A-B-C-D
ALMA takes first image
,
space.com, 3 Oct 2011
Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) submm telescope
Wikipedia
Jodrell Bank: Hat box inspired Lovell Telescope design, engineer claimed
BBC, 30 May 2022 (claim by Isabel Hunt, daughter of engineer Barry Wade, designer in 1950s)
MAGIC
Telescope, Canary Islands, detects particles made when gamma rays
hit our atmosphere , Wikipedia
BBC video piece
on the Vatican Observatory in Arizona
An
assortment of observatory homepages, both on the ground and in
space
Video:
Adaptive
Optics Permits ESO's Very Large Telescope (VLT) to observe Jupiter
in Best-Ever Detail from Ground, space.com, Oct 2008 and ESO
Details
(text+photos)
on ESO's Best-Ever Images from Ground of Jupiter, using new
Adaptive Optics Instrument, European Southern Observatory, 2
Oct 2008
Neat website on Effects of Airglow in near-IR Bands (pictures + movies) -
,
Joe Adams & Mike Skrutskie, U Virginia
The
Effect
of Adaptive Optics
Large
Millimeter
Telescope (LMT) in Mexico Inaugurated, 23 Nov 2006
Edwin Hubble's Connection to Louisville; search for article also in Louisville Courier-Journal, 21 Mar 2007
Hubble Space Telescope Wikipedia page
, linked 2022 Aug 31
NASA Hubble Space Telescope page
, from NASA, linked 2022 Aug 31
ESA Hubble Space Telescope site
, from ESA, linked 2022 Aug 31
Light
pollution
around Louisville KY
List of a few major astronomical
satellites: past, present, future (local site)
Comprehensive list of astronomical satellites
(Caltech site)
ESA about to Launch Herschel Space IR Telescope
,
Jonathan Amos, BBC, 9 Feb 2009
ESA Herschel Space Observatory website
,
European Space Agency, linked 2022 Oct 27
Caltech Herschel Space Observatory website
,
Caltech, linked 2022 Oct 27
Herschel Space Observatory
,
Wikipedia, linked 2022 Oct 27
New Generation of Giant Telescopes To Be Constructed
,
The Guardian, 9 Jan 2011
NASA NuSTAR mission site
,
NASA, linked 19 Nov 2021
Caltech NuSTAR mission site
,
Caltech, linked 19 Nov 2021
Wikipedia NuSTAR site
,
Wikipedia, linked 19 Nov 2021
Chandra X-ray Observatory website at Harvard
,
Harvard University
Chandra X-ray Observatory Wikipedia site
,
Wikipedia, linked 6 Apr 2022
Chap 4: Observing the Stars and Planets
Transit of Mercury 2019: Observing Tips from NASA , Society
for Popular Astronomy, Oct 2019
Transit
of Mercury 2019: Observing Tips from the Society for Popular
Astronomy , Society for Popular Astronomy, Oct 2019
Retrograde
Motion - good 6' video , U Nebraska using planetarium
software - very good How
Far Away Is The Sun? A Transit Of Mercury Next Month Will Allow
Citizen Scientists To Check , Jamie Carter, 10 Oct 2019,
Contributor to Forbes Magazine
Fred Espenak of
NASA's Eclipse Website - the ultimate information source ,
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
Animation
of Why We Have Seasons, U Nebraska Physics & Astronomy
Dept.
Animation
of
Why We Have Seasons, U Illinois Astronomy Dept.
Excellent
Animation
of Lunar Phases, U Illinois Astronomy Dept.
Great
Explanation of Star Motions Seen from Different Latitudes
Facts
and
Myths about the Equator
Why is the
Sky Blue? (because the scattered light in air is blue!)
Total
Eclipse
in Africa & Asia, 29 Mar 2006
Annular
Eclipse
in South America, 22 Sep 2006
BBC
animation
of a solar eclipse, BBC
youtube.com
schematic animations of lunar/solar eclipses , youtube.com
classzone.com
animations of views of total, partial and annulur solar eclipses,
classzone.com
animation of lunar eclipse view with realistic colors, Frank
Reddy, Celestial Delights
Chap 5: Gravitation & Motion
Myth-buster: How
Tycho Brahe really died (mercury poisoning!), Steno and Orion
Planetaria, Denmark, reprinted from Jacobsen, A.R. & Petersen,
L., Planetarian, Vol 30, #4, Dec 2001
Another
(more detailed) explanation of Retrograde Motion
Video:
Retrograde motion
Another
Simulator: Kepler's Laws
Simulator:
Planetary
Orbits and Kepler's Laws, U. Nebraska
Conservation
of Energy: Total Energy = Potential + Kinetic = Constant,
physicsclassroom.com
Gravity,
Newton's Laws and the Orbits of Planets, John Webb, U. New
South Wales, Australia, PHYSCLIPS
Scientists Have Unlocked the Secrets of the Ancient 'Antikythera Mechanism' [a planetarium simulator]
,
Becky Ferreira, Motherboard, vice.com, 12 Mar 2021
Illustration of planet orbits using CodePen
,
by Malik Dellidj; link contributed by Susan Pallman, Astro 107, Au 2019
Chap 6: Terrestrial Planets & Motion
General
Explanation/animation
of tides, Office of Naval Research
Detailed
Explanation/animation of tides, PBS, WGBH, Boston
Excellent explanation/animation of precession from Germany
Smart
Dust
May Explore Planets, BBC, 18 Apr 2007
Wikipedia article on
Precession/Nutation
Earth
Active map of
Plate Tectonics, geology.com
Earth
is shaped like a lumpy potato , BBC, 5 Apr 2011
Earth's core far hotter than thought: 6000 C , BBC, 26 Apr
2013
Three minutes to the centre of the Earth
,
BBC, 26 June 2023, Paula Koelemeijer, 3' great animated video
Earth's Core is Asymmetric, as it's Coupled with the Asymmetric Mantle
,
Physics Today, Back Scatter, Sep 2008
Why are there continent-sized 'blobs' in the deep Earth? [Possibly remnants of Theia which crashed into Earth?]
,
Zaria Gorvett, BBC, 11 May 2022
Time-lapse
Aurorae from Norway, Terje Sorgjerd, New Scientist, April 2011
Picture
of Earth's Aurora from Space (Image Satellite)
Picture
of Earth's Aurora from Space (ISS)
Another Picture of
Earth's Aurora from Space (ISS), with Manicougan Impact Crater,
European
Spacecraft
Find Electric Fields Control Aurorae on Earth, space.com, 26
Feb 2007
Ozone
Hole
Over
Antarctica RETARDS Warming, Science Daily, 24 Apr 2008
BBC
Report on http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/default.stmFeb. 2,
2007 UN Global Warming Announcement
BBC
Report on Feb. 2, 2007 UN Global Warming Announcement: Climate
Change in Graphics
BBC
Report on Feb. 2, 2007 UN Global Warming Announcement: Modelling
the Climate
One
of many guides to Greenhouse Effect on Earth
Animated
guide
to greenhouse effect, BBC, 28 Aug 2008
Water Vapor is Most Important Greenhouse Gas on Earth
,
CNN, 17 Oct 2006
Why water is one of the weirdest things in the universe
,
Alok Jha, BBC, 3.2' video, 14 Jan 2019
Sun
Acquitted
of Causing Global Warming, 15 Sep 2006
Moon
Great Explanation of Lunar Motions, including Libration
(nodding/rocking) due to Elliptical, Inclined Orbit
Excellent Moon page (very detailed!), Thomas Harrison, New
Mexico State U
Collision which formed Moon made terrestrial Magma Ocean (2 GREAT
videos!) , space.com, 2013 Nov 8
The
moon is about 85 million years younger than we thought, new study
finds , Scottie Andrew, CNN, 2020 July 16
Moon
May
Disintegrate when Sun Becomes Red Giant, space.com, 22 Jan
2007
Moon's
Interior Could Contain Lots of Water , 24 July 2017,
space.com, Samantha Mathewson
LCROSS project homepage
,
NASA (historical page, may have broken links)
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter,
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
Lunar
Reconnaissance Orbiter mission page, NASA
Mercury
ESA page for BepiColombo, Mission to Mercury
European Space Agency
NASA Mercury Messenger homepage
(1st fly-by 14 Jan 2008, 2nd 6 Oct 2008, 3rd 29 Sep 2009, in orbit 2011-2015)
Top
10
Mysteries from Mercury, space.com, Mar 2008, from NASA Mercury
Messenger
Strange Path
of Sun across Sky Viewed from Mercury , based on NASA video
Sunrise/Sunset on Mercury: details about the NASA Flash animation
, Dr. Courtney Seligman (Long Beach City College, retired), with
many details about Mercury and the animation
Venus
JAXA
(Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency) Akatsuki homepage
(Venus orbiter, launched 2010, in orbit 2015)
Akatsuki
Wikipedia page (Venus orbiter, launched 2010)
ESA
Venus Express homepage (orbiter, operated 2006-2015)
ESA Venus Express links to news (orbiter, operated 2006-2015)
ESA
Venus
Express: Venus' Atmosphere More Chaotic than Thought,
space.com, 10 Apr 2007
Aurorae on
Venus, from NASA
Venus'
Slow Retrograde Rotation likely due to Early Collision History ,
Bulletin Amer. Astron. Soc, 2006
Yes,
There Really Could Be Life In The Cloud Tops Of Venus , Ethan
Siegel, Starts With A Bang, Forbes, 6 Jul 2020
Faint
Green
Glowing Aurorae on Venus from Solar Wind Impact, space.com, 22
Jan 2001
Mars
Mars Insight End of Mission,
Andy Tomaswick, Universe Today, 7 Nov 2022, includes GREAT 4' video describing the mission
NASA Mars Odyssey homepage
ESA
Mars Express homepage (orbiter, arrived 2003)
NASA Science Mars Perseverance homepage
(rover, arrived 2021)
NASA Mars
Curiosity homepage (rover, arrived 2012)
NASA Mars
Spirit/Opportunity Rover homepage
NASA Mars Reconnaissance
Orbiter homepage, Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Dramatic Mars Rover Photos, including Dust Devil Animations
Video of Flight through Valles Marineris, NASA JPL, 13 Mar
2006
Strange
gas signature on Mars may help explain methane mystery ,
Meghan Bartels, space.com, 28 July 2020
Weak,
Patchy Aurorae Discovered on Mars, different from Venus' ,
ESA Mars Express, 9 June 2005
More
Aurorae
from Mars, ESA Mars Express, 20 Feb 2006
Spirit
Finds
Evidence of Hot Springs on Mars, BBC, 11 Dec 2007
Mars
Heats
Up by 0.6C due to Albedo Changes, CNN, 4 Apr 2007
Solar Wind Rips Chunks out of Martian Atmosphere, Science
Daily, 29 Nov 2008
Frozen
Sea
on
Mars May Harbor Life, BBC, 29 Jan 2007
Mars
Reconnaissance
Orbiter Starts High Resolution Observations, NOAA site
Giant
Underground
Ice Reservoir Discovered at Mars' South Pole, space.com, 15
Mar 2007
Ice
Geysers Discovered on Mars, BBC, 20 Aug 2006
Chap 7: Jovian Planets
General
Good source
for solar system animations, ciclops.org
Giant
Planet Satellite and Moon Page (updates satellite counts),
Scott Sheppard (DTM)
Solar System
animations from JPL, JPL
JPL Solar System
page (updated continuously), JPL
Jupiter
Jupiter's Rocky-Metallic Core Bigger than Thought
,
space.com, 25 Nov 2008
Beta Pic's New Planet, Jupiter's Fuzzy Core and An Ancient Star
,
Monica Young, Sky & Telescope, 19 Aug 2019, includes 2.6' video on Jupiter's fuzzy (little-differentiated) core
MORE DETAILED: Jupiter's Rocky-Metallic Core Bigger than Thought
,
U California, Berkeley, 25 Nov 2008
Giant Storms Erupt on Jupiter
,
space.com, 28 Jan 2008
Space mysteries: Why are there no gas moons?
,
details of core accretion vs. disk instability models; Keith Cooper, space.com, 4 Dec 2023
Galileo Mission
Legacy Site, NASA
Juno
Mission page, NASA
Juno Mission page,
Jet Propulsion Lab (JPL)
Juno Mission page, Southwest
Research Institute (SWRI)
Good 1' Video:
Origin of Jupiter, Southwest Research Institute (SWRI)
Saturn
Cassini Mission
Homepage, JPL
Saturn Has a Fuzzy Core, Too
,
Monica Young, Sky & Telescope, 17 Aug 2021
Huygens Probe Descent Animation, low-res, narrated
,
JPL
Huygens Probe Descent Animation, high-res, unnarrated
, JPL
The Seven Most Interesting Discoveries We've Made by Exploring Saturn
, Shi En Kim, Smithsonian Magazine, 16 Sep 2024
Saturn
cloud animations, merging vortices, JPL
Saturn
cloud animations, merging vortices, full-disk view, JPL
Titan
animation showing different wavelength views, JPL
Weird
object hints at Saturn's moon-making skill, New Scientist, 10
Dec 2013
Saturn's Rings may be Very Old and Constantly Recycling,BBC,
13 Dec 2007
Cassini
Probe Discovers New Partial Rings around Saturn , space.com,
5 Sep 2008
After 350 years, astronomers still can't explain the solar system's strangest moon: Iapetus has three bizarre features that science still can't fully explain
,
Ethan Siegel, 5 Oct 2021, Starts with a Bang, bigthink.com
Saturn's Black/White Moon Iapetus may be Picking Up Dust
,
BBC, 9 Oct 2007
Hydrocarbon Lakes Discovered on Titan, BBC, 14 Mar 2007
Saturn
Moon
Enceladus Plumes May have Liquid Water, space.com, 26 Nov 2008
Saturn
Moon
Enceladus Good Place to Look for Life, 10 Apr 2006
Saturn's Moon Enceladus Sprays E-Ring, Other Moons with Icy
Material , BBC, 8 Feb 2007
Ice Volcanoes
of Enceladus Replenish Saturn's E-ring , Discovery Channel
video, 19 Mar 2013
Cassini
Discovers
Comet-like Organic Molecules in Enceladus Geysers, space.com,
26 Mar 2008
Shepherd
Satellites Pan, Atlas have Equatorial Ridges from Accretion,
www.physorg.com, 6 Dec 2007
High
Resolution Mosaic of Saturn's Rings, APOD, 24 Oct 2007
"Propeller"
features
in Saturn's Rings caused by Missing Link Moonlets, Jet
Propulsion Lab Cassini press release, 29 Mar 2006
New
Ring
Discovered Around Saturn, space.com, 20 Sep 2006
New
Ring Discovered Around Saturn, BBC, 20 Sep 2006
Saturn
Moon
Titan has Dusty Ethane Dunes, 11 Oct 2006
Saturn's Moon Titan Shows Surprising Seasonal Changes, 28 Sep
2012, Science Daily
New Shepherd Moons Found near Newly Discovered Rings of Saturn
, 11 Oct 2006
Titan's
Organic
Haze may be like Earth's Primordial Atmosphere, 7 Nov 2006
Enormous
Storm 8000km wide found on Saturn, 9 Nov 2006 (thanks to Roger
Riddell for pointing it out)
Uranus
The
Many Mysteries of Uranus - a good summary on the planet , The
Atlantic, 2 Feb 2016
Stinky "mushball" hailstones on Uranus may explain an atmospheric anomaly there (and on Neptune, too)
,
Tereza Pultarova, 1 Oct 2021
Rings of Uranus show changes as they are seen edge-on
,
BBC, 23 Aug 2007
Bizarre
Shape of Uranus' "Frankenstein" Moon Miranda Explained ,
space.com, 3 Oct 2014
Herschel May have Seen Rings around Uranus in 1797, BBC, 18
Apr 2007
Uranus
Develops
First Recorded Dark Spot, 26 Oct 2006
Series of Bumps Sent Uranus Into Its Sideways Spin, New Research
Suggests 26 Oct 2011, Science Daily
Uranus Auroras Glimpsed from Earth 13 Apr 2012, Science Daily
Neptune
40
years after Voyager, scientists push for new missions to Uranus
and Neptune: Trident proposed Neptune fly-by, lots of detail
about Uranus and Neptune, Joel Davis, 17 Dec 2020, Astronomy
Magazine
Chap 8: Pluto, Comets and Space Debris
Asteroids
& Meteorites
DAWN Mission Page: Journey to
Vesta and Ceres , NASA/JPL
Asteroid
Family
of Dinosaur-Killer Identified, Toronto Globe & Mail, 5 Sep
2007
Software
Models
Consequences of Asteroid Impacts on Earth, space.com, 10 Apr
2007
Amateurs
Help
Professionals Map Out Binary (rubble pile) Asteroid 90 Antiope,
space.com, 29 Mar 2007
Light
Pressure
from Sun Makes Asteroids Rotate Faster, BBC, 7 Mar 2007
One
Asteroid,
not Several, Killed Dinosaurs, 1 Dec 2006
40
Year
Old Mars Meteor Mystery said solved, 23 Aug 2006
Pallasite
(Crystals
Embedded in Iron) Meteorite found in Kansas, CNN 16 Oct 2006
Simulated
Giant 150-200km diameter Asteroid Impact on Earth (8 minutes),
NHK video via a blog site
The Day the Mesozoic Died: How the story of the dinosaurs' demise
was uncovered (included 30 min video) , Sean B. Carroll,
Nautilus, 21 Jan 2016
Comets
ROSETTA Mission Page: Journey to Comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko (67P)
, ESA
A
Crash Landing Revealed Comet Ice Is Fluffier Than Cappuccino Froth
, Becky Ferreira, 30 Oct 2020, Nature, includes 5.5' video
Despite
Glitch, European Spacecraft Rosetta's Asteroid Flyby a Success,
space.com, 6 Sep 2008
Stardust
Comet Sample Return Mission, (successfully landed 15 Jan 2006)
Pluto System
New Horizons Mission Page: Journey to Pluto and Kuiper Belt ,
NASA/JHU Applied Physics Lab
New Discoveries from NASA's New Horizons Pluto Flyby -- 5-year
Update
, Astrum, Great Courses Plus, 24 Nov 2020
New
Horizons' Next Flyby Target, MU69, has at Least One Moon
,
Nola T. Redd, space.com, 18 Dec 2017
New
Pluto Satellites named Nix, Hydra, 1 Dec 2006
Best
Photo of Pluto from Earth Snapped by Hawaii Telescope, 26 Sep
2012, space.com
Dwarf Planet Could Become Comet
,
BBC, 17 Jan 2007
We Don't Talk about Pluto - Parody Song
,
Jon Pumper, 16 Feb 2022 (3.6' video)
Eris
Eris page
of Mike Brown, Eris' discoverer, 14 Sep 2006
New
(Dwarf) Planet Named Eris, moon Dysnomia,
23 Jun 2006
Latest
News on Eris from ALMA mm Telescope, Herschel IR Space Telescope:
Eris bright, Dysnomia dark space.com, 27 Nov 2017
Kuiper Belt
Great
page on Kuiper Belt Objects and Oort Cloud, spacetoday.org
Another
Great page on Kuiper Belt, NY Times, 12 Sep 2006
Fifth
Dwarf
Planet Named: Haumea, space.com, 19 Sep 2008
Sedna, the most
distant Dwarf Planet, Wikipedia page
Chap 9: Our Solar System and Others
Continuously updated List
Information about known Exoplanets from All Methods,
Extrasolar Planets Encyclopedia (European site)
Exoplanet Data Explorer: Interactive
Table and Plotter from Exoplanet Orbit Database (continuously
updated), California & Carnegie Planet Search,
exoplanets.org
NASA Exoplanet Archive
, NASA, includes both confirmed and candidate exoplanets
Habitable Exoplanets Catalog
, U Puerto Rico, 60 total (sizes of Mars, Earth or super-Earths) as of 18 Feb 2021
Excellent
Site Explaining how to Find Exoplanets, Nat'l Ctr for
Atmospheric Research
Wikipedia
Site
Explaining how to Find Exoplanets, Wikipedia
Page
of
Animations describing Exoplanet Formation and Discovery, U.
Arizona Dept of Astronomy
Animations of Exoplanet
Discovery Methods, rml3.com
Water
Found
in Atmosphere of Extra-Solar Planet, space.com, 10 Apr 2007
Proto-planetary
Disks
around Double Stars Common, space.com, 29 Mar 2007
Hot
Jupiter
Atmospheres Lack Water, space.com, 23 Feb 2007
French
CoRoT
Planet-finding Mission Homepage, launched 27 Dec 2006
NASA Kepler Mission Homepage
,
launched 6 Mar 2009, deactivated 15 Nov 2018
NASA TESS Mission Homepage
,
launched 18 Apr 2018, has information about TESS, exoplanets, discoveries
MIT TESS Mission Homepage
,
news, mission, science, observations, discoveries
CHEOPS Mission Homepage
,
ESA/Uni.-Bern CHEOPS site
CHEOPS Wikipedia page
,
Wikipedia, linked 2022.02.22
Discovery
Magazine
article
on finding an Exo-Earth, about the CoRoT and Kepler satellites,
Discover Magazine, Nov 2008
Discovery
Magazine
article
on finding an Exo-Earth, about the CoRoT and Kepler satellites,
Discover Magazine, text only, Nov 2008
Rotation-Locked
Hot
Jupiter is Fire on One Side, Ice on Other, space.com, 12 Oct
2006
New
Planet Discovered, only 25% as Dense as Water, 15 Sep 2006
Nearest
Planet
to Solar System May Be Close Enough to Image, 9 Oct 2006
Distorted
Solar
System Found (planet, star, brown dwarf), 19 Sep 2006
Distant
Hot
Jupiters found by Transit Method, 26 Sep 2006
Hubble
Team
Observing Galactic Bulge Finds New Class of Ultra-short Period
Exoplanets, 4 Oct 2006
First
Direct
Image of an Exo-Planet, from ESO VLT, 30 Apr 2005
Video
of
formation
of Planets around a Pulsar, NASA JPL, 5 Apr 2006
French CoRot Satellite Discovers Smallest Exoplanet yet ("Hot Super-Earth", <2 Earth diameters)
,
BBC, 3 Feb 2009
Sun's complex orbit due to Jupiter and Saturn pulling on it - shows challenge to radial velocity method
,
Interplanetary, 2020, 1' video (very illustrative)
Chap 10: Our Star: The Sun
SELECTED PROBES, NASA Solar Physics etc.
PARKER SOLAR PROBE
Parker Solar Probe Center
,
Johns Hopkins U. Applied Physics Lab
Parker Solar Probe Center
,
NASA
Parker Solar Probe Wikipedia page
,
Wikipedia, linked 26 Oct 2021
SOHO
SOlar and
Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) page , NASA (a joint NASA and
ESA mission)
Movies
from SOHO satellite (lots of explosions/eruptions!) , NASA
Hinode
US Hinode site, (a joint
Japanese-British-US mission) NASA Marshall Space Flight Center
Japan
Launches Hinode Satellite to Observe Solar Flares , 23 Sep
2006
Japanese
Satellite
Hinode Returns First Observations, 29 Nov 2006
STEREO
STEREO site, NASA
Goddard Space Flight Center
NASA
Launches
Twin Satellites to Observe Coronal Mass Ejections in Stereo,
25 Oct 2006
X-ray
Images
from NASA Stereo mission show more Turbulent Magnetic Field on Sun
than thought, 21 Mar 2007
NASA Solar Physics
World
Book at NASA of the Sun - good, technical, NASA
NASA Marshall Solar
Physics site, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville AL
Other Articles
Nice overview of Sun , Stanford U Solar Center
Stunning NASA Video Shows 3 Years of the Sun in 3 Minutes ,
space.com, 2013 Apr 26
Solar
Flare vs. CME - What's The Difference? | Video , space.com,
2014 Sep 22, from NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr
Solar
Wind
Termination Shock (Edge) is Squashed by Interstellar Magnetic
Field, space.com, 11 Dec 2007
Sun
not
Responsible for Recent Climate Change, 15 Sep 2006
Glossary
of Solar Terms
Chap 11: Stars: Distant Suns
The
Nuns Who Charted the Stars , Atlantic Monthly, May 23, 2016
Various Animated Hertzprung-Russell Diagram, including 10,000 Star Simulation (Quick Time videos)
,
2017, U. Illinois
Star art: Kaleidocosmo -- Stars are colorful, and this one weird trick shows how to photograph it
,
21 Sep 2023, Phil Plait, badastronomy.substack.com
Animated Hertzprung-Russell Diagram
,
2017, Las Cumbres Observatory
Interactive Hertzprung-Russell Diagram
,
2017, U Nebraska
Stellar Populations, animations, History of Universe
, 2012, Bob O'Connoll, UVA
Hipparcos Overview
,
European Space Agency
The Hipparcos Space Astrometry Mission
,
European Space Agency
Hipparcos Wikipedia page
,
Wikipedia, linked 20 Oct 2022
Gaia satellite overview
,
European Space Agency
Gaia mission homepage
,
European Space Agency
Nearest Stars and Brown Dwarfs to Sun
,
space.com, 11 Jan 2014
Swift Satellite Detects Giant Flare on II Pegasi, 7 Nov 2006
Nomenclature
for Variable Stars, British Astronomical Association
The Largest Known Star (in radius): VV Cephei, 19AU: , NASA
Goddard "Ask an Astrophysicist" (after question by K. Sproul, Astro
107 Au 2008)
Advanced Active
HR diagram, C. Carazo, Argelander Institut, Univ. Bonn
Active HR diagram, McGraw-Hill
Animated
HR diagram of Omega Cen, Space Telescope Science Institute
"Star Cities", PowerPoint file
on Globular Clusters, from 2008 Bullitt Lecture by Prof. Caty
Pilachowski (Indiana U.)
Chap 12: How Stars Shine: Cosmic Furnaces
Black Holes in Centers of Nearby Galaxies Likely Ultra High Energy
Cosmic Rays, BBC, 8 Nov 2007
Simulation of
Formation of a Star Cluster (click on "animations"), Ian
Bonnell, St Andrews U, Scotland, 2008
Animation
of
Star Formation Triggered by Nearby Supernova, Chandra X-ray
Observatory website
Element
118
Created (briefly!), 17 Oct 2006
Brown
Dwarf
Survives being Engulfed by Red Giant, 2 Aug 2006
Chap 13: Death of Stars: Recycling
Interactive
H-R
Diagram from Proto-Star to White Dwarf, aspire.cosmic-ray.org
Animation of Merging White Dwarfs making Gravity Waves (#5)
,
Chandra Science Center
Lithium Mystery Solved: It's Exploding Stars, Not The Big Bang Or Cosmic Rays
,
Ethan Siegel, Starts with a Bang, Forbes Magazine, 3 June 202
Animation of
Core Collapse (Type II) Supernova, NASA Goddard HEASARC
More
Detailed Animation of Core Collapse (Type II) Supernova,
thinkquest.org
Medium
Energy
Cosmic Rays probably from Supernovae, High Energy may be from
Active Galaxies, 22 Aug 2008, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
The
Incomprehensible Power of a Supernova , Tom Hartsfield, Real
Clear Science, Jan 2016
High
Energy Cosmic Rays come from Distant Galaxies, Science Daily,
25 Mar 2008
Supernovae
Cause
Some Cosmic Rays, BBC, 4 Nov 2004
New
Mechanism
for
O-rich Red Giants to Blow Off Outer Layers, 9 Apr 2007,
space.com
Pulsars
Support
Einstein's Theory of General Relativity, 18 Sep 2006
New
Type
of Supernova Complicates Estimates of Universe Size, 20 Sep
2006
NASA's
Swift
Satellite Catches Two Supernovae in One Galaxy, 22 Nov 2006
New
Supernova
Preserves Onion-structure in Remnant, 26 Oct 2006
Remnant
for
SN
185AD found, 26 Sep 2006
Chap 14: Black Holes: The End of Space and Time
LIGO (Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory) page at Caltech
Gravitational Waves Discovered from Colliding Black Holes (with 2 short videos + other links)
,
Clara Moskowitz, Scientific American, 11 Feb 2016
LIGO Wikipedia page
,
Synopsis of the LIGO facility
Hubblesite.org
page on Black Holes (and other things)
Animation
of
Merging Neutron Star and Black Hole making a Gamma Ray Burst (#6),
Chandra Science Center
Animation
of
Merging Neutron Stars making a Gamma Ray Burst (#7), Chandra
Science Center
New
Black
Hole Discovered, Variability Surprises Astronomers, 2006 Nov 30
Chuck
Keeton (a native Louisvillian) on Black Holes for Nova on PBS
How
Black Holes Spin Space Time: GREAT 14' video by Steven Pomeroy on
spinning black holes and frame-dragging
Chap 15: Our Galaxy the Milky Way
More Than Stars: The Milky Way's Dust Mapped In 3D For The First
Time Ever (short video) , Ethan Siegel, Starts With A Bang,
27 Mar 2017,
Gleamoscope: See the Galaxy Interactively at Different Wavelengths
, International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research, Murchison,
Western Australia, Oct 2016
Milky Way Outer
Halo Rotates Opposite Rest of Galaxy, MSU announcement, Jan
2008
Massive Cosmic Bullets Fly Through Orion Star Formation Region,
space.com, 22 Mar 2007
How
Massive Stars Settle at the Centers of Globular Clusters, 30
Oct 2006
Most Distant Gamma Ray Burst Observed (redshift z=6.7),
space.com, 19 Sep 2008
Movie of Stars Orbiting Supermassive Black Hole at Milky Way Center
,
28 Mar 2007, Max-Planck-Institut (MPE), Garching
What the image of the Milky Way's black hole really shows
,
Katie McCormick, Knowable Magazine, 8 Nov 2022
Chap 16: A Universe of Galaxies
The Sloan Digital Sky Survey
,
Wikipedia, linked 12 Nov 2024
Galaxy Zoo: Public Help for Classifying Millions of Galaxies
,
Sloan Digital Sky Survey, 2007
Is it Time to Rename the Hubble Constant? (Vesto Slipher's data were not cited.)
,
Douglas MacDougal, Joseph Marcus, Marcia Bartusiak Astronomy Magazine, Dec 3, 2024
Clickable Map of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field, Astrophys. Inst.
Potsdam, Germany, 2011
Dr.
Rick
Pogge's Galaxy Types page, The Ohio State University, 2008
Giant
Void
300Mpc across Found, BBC, 14 Sep 2007
Most
Distant
Galaxy Detected, BBC, 24 Aug 2007
Biggest
3-D
Map of Galaxies Ever Made, 5 Oct 2006
Movies of
Galaxy Formation from N-body Simulations, Matthias Steinmetz,
Astrophysikalisches Institut Potsdam
Four
New
Milky Way Satellite Galaxies Found, total up to about 20, 28
Aug 2006
Team
Finds Gravitational Signature of Dark Matter in Collision of
Galaxy Clusters, 21 Aug 2006
Galaxy
Cluster's Ring Hints at Cosmic Shockwave , 3 Nov 2006
10
Facts Everyone Should Know About Dark Matter , Sabine
Hossenfelder, NORDITA, July 2015
Dark Matter Rap, by David Weinberg (Ohio State), lyrics
and music
(mp3)
Chap 17: Quasars and Active Galaxies
Dr.
George Rieke's AGN Characteristics Page , U. Arizona Natural
Science 102 course page
Clues to Cosmic Rays Discovered: AGN , BBC, 8 Nov 2007
Chap 18: Cosmology
Great
4-5 minute Videos on Dark Matter and Dark Energy , Paul
Sutter (Ohio State Univ.), space.com, 20 Feb 2017
Dark
Energy Pushed Universe's Growth , CNN, 17 Nov 2006
Effect of Dark Energy Found in last 9 billion years
, BBC, 16 Nov 2006
The consequences of traveling in a straight line forever - can we? Four scenarios.
, Ethan Siegel, Starts with a Bang, 12 Apr 2024
Chap 19: In the Beginning
The physics that tells us what the Universe is made of
,
GREAT BBC animation/interview with astrophysicist Adam Becker, Michael Marshall and Melissa Hogenboom (11' video), 5 Apr 2017
Why we do not know what the Big Bang looked like
,
BBC Animation with Adam Becker, Michael Marshall and Melissa Hogenboom, 5' video, 23 Mar 2017
How the Universe can expand if there is no extra space, 2.7' video
,
BBC animation/interview with astrophysicist Adam Becker, 13 Feb 2017
What's the smallest thing in the universe? 5' video (great introduction to particle physics)
,
Jonathan Butterworth, TED-Ed talk, 15 Nov 2018
The Standard Model, 8' video (great introduction to particle physics)
,
Don Lincoln, Fermilab, 2 Oct 2012
How
can Space Travel Faster than Light? , Universe Today, 20 Feb
2015
When
space expanded faster-than-light - written summary and 48'
discussion on Planck results , earthsky.org, 16 Feb 2015
Robert
Wilson (co-discoverer of Microwave Background) keeps hiss on
cellphone; value of fundamental research, New Scientist, 28
Feb 2014
Dark
Matter and Dark Energy , National Geographic, Apr 2015
(suggested by J. Cheser)
COBE (Cosmic Background Explorer), Wikipedia site
,
Wikipedia, linked 2021 Nov
COBE (Cosmic Background Explorer), NASA Science Mission Directorate site
,
NASA Mission Directorate, published 22 May 2016
COBE (Cosmic Background Explorer), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center site
,
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, HEASARC and Astrophysics Science Division
Planck Microwave Background Explorer
,
European Space Agency
WMAP (Wilkinson Microwave
Anisotropy Probe), NASA
WMAP (Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe)
,
Wikipedia
String theory - a simple way to understand the universe
,
Michio Kaku, BBC, 1 Oct 2021, 5.5' video, VERY GOOD!
The
multiverse is not a paradigm and it's not shifting anything. ,
blog from Sabine Hossenfelder, NORDITA, 26 Sep 2013
Large Hadron Rap, YouTube, from CERN, posted 31 July 2008
Cosmic
Sound Waves Frozen after Recombination (=Baryon Acoustic
Oscillations), J. Gladden, U Mississippi via acoustics.org
Excellent Early Universe Explanation with Animations (Cosmic Microwave Background/Recombination)
, NCSA/U. Illinois and NHK Japanese TV, via A. Guigui, AIFE, Buenos Aires
Cosmic Inflation Explained | Cosmology 101 Episode 6
, Dr. Katie Mack, Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, U. Waterloo ON, Canada, 6.1' video
Einstein's most famous quote is totally misunderstood
, Starts with a Bang, Big Think, 11 Apr 2023 - wraps up many topics in Astro 107: relativity etc.
Why Faster-Than-Light Travel Is Possible
, Sabine Hossenfelder, 10 Apr 2023, 24' video (good but needs concentration)
Decades later, string theory continues its march toward Einstein's dream
, Brian Greene, guest opinion, Washington Post, 16 Sep 2024
Chap 20: Life in the Universe
I'm an astronomer and I think aliens may be out there -- but UFO sightings aren't persuasive
,
Chris Impey, U Arizona / space.com, 29 Dec 2020
What Will It Take for Humans to Colonize the Milky Way?
,
Kim S. Robinson, Scientific American, 13 Jan 2016
Astrobiology at NASA/Life
in the Universe
, NASA, started 1 Dec 2015
Earth
was a Frozen Snowball when Animals First Evolved
, Kate Ravilious, BBC, 15 Jan 2014
Drake
Equation Calculator: You Determine how many Intelligent
Civilizations Exist
, BBC, 21 Aug 2012
How
many contactable alien civilisations are out there? - interview
with Dr. Chris Conselice , Nicola Davis, The Guardian, 9 July
2020, 18' podcast
All
sophisticated life on the planet Earth may owe its existence to
one freakish event , nautil.us, issue 17, 2014 Sep 4
New
Interest in old Miller-Urey "Spark of Life" Experiments ,
BBC, 16 Oct 2008
Excellent
conference proceeding on Radio Leakage from Earth, Detectable by
Aliens, Woodruff T. Sullivan, III, U Washington, NASA 1981
conference, CP-2156 Life In The Universe
Finding
extraterrestrial life 'probably going to take a long time,'
astronomer says
, Chris Ciaccia, Fox News, 6 Nov 2019
I
Don't Believe in Aliens Anymore: Humanity must learn to find
meaning without relying on gods or extraterrestrials.
, Michael W. Clune, The Atlantic, 8 Aug 2018
Aliens Need
Time to Grow Brains: Run the Drake Equation Yourself,
www.astrobio.net, 2 Dec 2002
SETI status report: March 2008, BBC, 3 Mar 2008
Star
Trek
Really
Did Forecast New Devices, space.com, 3 Mar 2008
Project
Phoenix
(for SETI) ends after 9 Years, 800 Stars, BBC, 25 Mar 2004
Meteorite
Globules
Contain Organic Molecules from Cold Molecular Cloud, BBC, 2
Dec 2006
ESA Satellite Finds an Earth Creature which can Survive in Space,
space.com, 8 Sep 2008
Radio
Telescope
to Search for TV Signals from Other Stars, CNN, 8 Jan 2007
Links to Other Astronomy Courses
There
are some very good introductory astronomy courses on the WWW,
whose websites which you may find helpful.
Pogge, Rick, Ast
161
(solar system), 162
(Stars, Galaxies, Universe), Ohio State
Schombert, James, Ast 121 (solar
system), 122
(Stars), 123
(Galaxies/Universe), U. Oregon
Rieke, George, Nat Sci
102
,
U. Arizona
Khan Academy
Cosmology & Astronomy
,
Nonprofit organization to provide free education
This is a link for parents teaching astronomy to school-age children
at home (not an educational, media or government site).
It is on a home-advice site and was requested for posting by two
different people in autumn 2019.
http://www.homeadviceguide.com/parents-guide-teaching-kids-astronomy-home/
These links are from Astronomy
307, taught in Autumn 2007, and may be useful:
Solar System in Perspective:
Carbon
Veins
in Meteorite: Evidence for Life on Mars?
SOHO
satellite
catches comet crashing into Sun
Asteroids
near
Jupiter (at Lagrange pts) are really comets, from measuring
density
Jupiter
Develops
Second
Red Spot
Massive
Lightning
Storm on Saturn, related to planet's internal heat
Uranus
has
New, Blue (from scattered light) Ring
Ice
Found
on Surface of Comet
Small
Nudge
Could Change Asteroid Courses Significantly
Occultation
shows
Pluto's satellite Charon has no atmosphere
Pluto
may
have Rings
2003
UB313 bigger than Pluto, from measuring thermal emission
research on planetary
atmospheres at UL
Dynamics of Earth:
An
excellent
review of various measures of time (courtesy of Michigan State)
An excellent
description of the equation of time
How do
GMT and UT differ?
Earth-Moon System:
Fred
Espenak's eclipse page, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
Total
Solar Eclipse (11 Aug 1999) Viewed from Space
Lunar
Maria
and bulges Formed by Giant Impacts
nice
graphic
on plate tectonics, convection
Subducted
crust
stays cool to 200 km depth (Stanford research, 2000)
Microbes
began
3.5 Gyr ago, but multi-celled creatures only 1 Gyr ago
Japanese
ship
does deepest dig ever
Wikipedia
article
on aurorae
The Sun: A Model Star
Solar
Neutrino
Problem
(1998) (by John Bahcall, not a Nobel
Prize-winner, oops)
Solution
to
the Solar Neutrino Problem by John Bahcall, 2002
Effects of
Solar Storms on Earth
More
Details
on
Sunspots
Sunspot
Group
Mean Areas Change over the Solar Cycle (see pdf file for figures)
Next
Solar
Cycle May Be More Intense
How
to
Measure Sunspot Polarity and Sunspot Size Variation over the Solar
Cycle
Voyager
Detects Solar Termination Shock
Stars: Distances and Magnitudes:
GAIA
Mission
Stars: Binary Systems:
Spectroscopic
Binary
Star radial velocity simulator (requires JAVA plug-in! used by
permission, T. Herter, Cornell)
Eclipsing
Binary
Star light curve simulator (requires JAVA plug-in! used by
permission, T. Herter, Cornell)
Speckle
Interferometry at Georgia State University
Speckle
Interferometry and detecting planets, from NASA
Stars: The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram
Where
do
subdwarfs
come from?
Table
of
main sequence temperatures, peak emission wavelengths and peak
wavebands
Mnemonics
for
OBAFGKM and variations
Nancy Houk's
Michigan Spectral Catalogue Project page
Our Galaxy: A Preview
The Milky Way at
various wavelengths (NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center)
Canadian
Galactic Plane Survey Schematic of Galaxy (and Star Trek
Quadrants!)
Ring
discovered around Milky Way
Monty
Python's
Galaxy Song Lyrics (with numbers about right!)
The Interstellar Medium and Star Birth:
3D
Map
of the Local (Interstellar) Bubble
A
More General Description of the Local (Interstellar) Bubble
Loop
I
Supershell interacts with Local (Interstellar) Bubble - X-ray
result
Astronomy
Picture of the Day maps Local Bubble, nearby star formation
regions (colorful!)
Local
Interstellar
Cloud and Local Bubble
Virial Theorem
Made Easy
HST
View
of Stellar Birth
Herbig-Haro
(HH-)47 closeup
Dust
Pillars in Trifid Nebula
Sample
Planetary Nebula: The Spirograph (search APOD for others)
Large
Stars
May Form Planets, Too (by Robert Roy Britt, Space.com, 8 Feb 2006)
How
Efficient
is Star Formation?
Research
on
Proto-Planetary Disks at UL
Research on
Proto-Planetary Disks at U Cincinnati
Research
on Star/Planet Formation at Indiana U
Research on
Star/Planet Formation at Vanderbilt - Stassun
Research
on
Star/Planet
Formation at Vanderbilt - Weintraub
The Evolution of Stars:
Stellar
Evolution
on
H-R diagram simulator (requires JAVA plug-in! used by permission,
T. Herter, Cornell)
Stellar
Structure/Evolution Explained in a more Descriptive Way